Table of Contents: “…The first settlers -- Colonizers and invaders -- Roman Hispania -- The visigothic mirage -- The triumph of Islam -- Asturian legitimacy and the Frankish intrusion -- The caliphate of Cordoba versus the kindom of Leon -- Return to Europe: Navarre and the spirit of Castile -- The invastions from North Africa and the ideal of a crusade -- Hispanic pluralism and the Pyrenean empire -- Military expansion on the peninsula and in the Mediterranean -- The Medieval apex -- Beginning of dissension in Hispania -- The crisis of the fifteenth century -- The ordering of Hispania by the Catholic monarchs -- Hispania under the Hapsburg monarchs -- The overthrow of Hispania and the bankruptcy of the Hapsburg dynasty's policy -- Bourbon reforms -- Politics and economics in nineteenth-century Spain -- The crisis of the twentieth century.…”