Martin Heidegger

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Martin Heidegger , .}} (26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher widely regarded as one of the most important and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. His work was central to the development of phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, and has had a considerable impact on fields ranging from philosophy and theology to literary theory, psychiatry, and political philosophy.

Heidegger's magnum opus, ''Being and Time'' (1927), is widely considered one of the most significant works of modern philosophy. In it, he introduced the concept of ''Dasein'' ("being-there") to describe the distinctive character of human existence, arguing that humans possess a "pre-ontological" understanding of being that shapes how they live and act, which he analyzed in terms of the unitary structure of "being-in-the-world". Through his analysis of ''Dasein'', Heidegger sought to reawaken what he called "the question of being": the fundamental inquiry into what makes entities intelligible as the entities they are. In other words, Heidegger's governing "question of being" is concerned with what makes beings intelligible as beings. This question, he believed, had been neglected or obscured throughout the history of Western philosophy since the ancient Greeks.

His later work turned increasingly to questions of technology, language, art, and poetry, developing themes of human "dwelling" in the world and critiquing what he saw as the nihilistic trajectory of modern technological civilisation. Thinkers as varied as Jean-Paul Sartre, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Hannah Arendt, Jacques Derrida, and Richard Rorty were substantially shaped by engagement with his thought, whether in agreement or opposition.

Heidegger's legacy has been complicated and shadowed by his involvement with National Socialism. In April 1933, he was elected rector of the University of Freiburg and joined the Nazi Party, a membership he retained until 1945. The nature and extent of his commitment to Nazism, and the question of whether his philosophy is inherently connected to his political choices, remain subjects of significant scholarly controversy. After the war, he was banned from teaching following denazification proceedings, a ban later lifted in 1949, after which he returned to lecturing at the University of Freiburg. During this period of enforced withdrawal, he nevertheless continued to exert influence through private seminars and audiences at his home in Freiburg and his hut in Todtnauberg, receiving visits from figures including Jean Beaufret, Jacques Lacan, Keiji Nishitani, Werner Heisenberg, and, in a famous and fraught encounter, the poet Paul Celan. His refusal to publicly repudiate his involvement or express remorse in unambiguous terms has continued to trouble interpreters of his work.